术语“封建主义”的详细信息

英译术语:

feudalism

汉语语境:

马克思和恩格斯关于封建主义的著作，不仅集中考察了封建主义的生产方式与资本主义生产方式之间的过渡问题，而且关心劳动的“存在形式”和统治阶级用以占有劳动产品的方式。因此，这两种生产方式之间的相似之处，就是在工业化的或工业社会中的资本家对剩余价值的占有与主要在农业社会中封建地主对农民佃户的地租的占有之间的关系；资本家雇佣作为个人的无产者去生产商品，而封建地主拥有的佃户则是以家庭为基础的从事生计需要的小规模的生产者。对封建主义作马克思主义的理解，应取决于把封建主义看作是一个历史的发展过程，而不应把它看作是两大主要的斗争的阶级——地主和农民之间的一种静止的关系。

英语语境:

Marx and Engels'writings about feudalism tended to mirror that interest, as well as focusing on the transition between the feudal and the capitalist modes of production. They were concerned with the 'existence form'of labour and the manner in which the products of labour were appropriated by ruling classes. The analogy between the two modes of production, therefore, was between the appropriation of surplus value by capitalists, in industrializing or industrial societies, who employed proletarians as individuals to produce commodities, and the appropriation of feudal rent, in a primarily agrarian society, by feudal lords, from their peasant tenants, who were small-scale producers of their own subsistence needs with a labour force based on the family. it suggests that a Marxist understanding of feudal society should depend on seeing it as historical development, not as a static set of relationships between two principal and contending classes, the landowners and the peasants.