术语“贫困化”的详细信息

英译术语:

pauperization

汉语语境:

工人阶级的相对贫困化是资本主义的固有特征。在分析工人阶级状况时，马克思论证说资本主义必然要造成维持一批备用的失业和半失业的劳动力（即劳动后备军）；这种备用的劳动力，加上盈利能力、竞争和资本流动等因素所造成的限制，必然会使工人的实际工资赶不上生产率的增长。实际上，实际工资与劳动生产率成反比，用马克思的话来说，就是实际工资下降，而剥削率却在上升。劳动生产率与实际工资之间这种不断扩大的差距，将使资本的能力增大，从而进一步拉大“劳动者的地位与资本家地位之间的巨大差距”。实际工资的增加一般不会超出上限这一事实，决不会妨碍资本家不断地尽最大可能地力图降低实际工资，而调节雇佣劳动力的条件却对工人绝对贫困化的趋势规定了客观的下限。

英语语境:

The relative impoverishment of workers is an inherent feature of the capitalist system as awhole. In analysing the condition of the working class, Marx argues that capitalism inevitablycreates and maintains a pool of unemployed and partially employed labour (the reserve army oflabour) which, in conjunction with the limits given by considerations of the profitability, competition and mobility of capitals, necessarily prevents workers from raising real wagesfaster than productivity; in fact, real wages decline relative to the productivity of labour, or inMarxist terms, the rate of exploitation rises. The resultant widening gap between productivityand real wages enlarges the power of capital and therefore widens ‘the abyss between thelabourer's position and that of the capitalist...'. The fact that real wages cannot generallyincrease beyond an upper limit in no way prevents capitalists from incessantly striving to reducereal wages as much as possible, and the objective lower limit to this tendency towards the absolute impoverishment of workers is provided by the conditions which regulate the availability of wage labour.