术语“唯物主义”的详细信息

英译术语:

materialism

汉语语境:

从最广泛的意义上看，唯物主义主张任何存在的东西都是物质，或至少是决定于物质。在马克思主义的传统上，唯物主义通常是属于那种比较稀松的、不可简化的类型，然而它的概念却通过各种各样的方式展开。按照普列汉诺夫的观点，哲学唯物主义有别于历史唯物主义；而根据列宁的看法，哲学唯物主义则一般地有别于科学唯物主义。哲学唯物主义包括：（1）本体论唯物主义，认为社会的存在单方面地决定于生物的存在，认为前者是从后者产生的；（2）认识论唯物主义，认为存在是独立的，承认至少某些科学思想对象的超事实活动；（3）实践唯物主义，认为人类的改造力量在社会方式的再生产和改造中具有构造的作用。科学唯物主义的定义则决定于科学对现实（包括社会现实）的信念的（不断变化的）内容。

英语语境:

In its broadest sense, materialism contends that whatever exists just is, or at least depends upon, matter. In the Marxist tradition, materialism has normally been of the weaker, non-reductive kind, but the concept has been deployed in various ways. Philosophical materialism is distinguished, following Plekhanov, from historical materialism, and, following Lenin, from scientific materialism generally. Philosophical materialism comprises: (1) ontological materialism, asserting the unilateral dependence of social upon biological being and the emergence of the former from the latter; (2) epistemological materialism, asserting the independent existence and transfactualactivity of at least some of the objects of scientific thought; (3) practical materialism, asserting the constitutive role of human transformative agency in the reproduction and transformation of social forms. Scientific Materialism is defined by the (changing) content of scientific beliefs about reality (including social reality).