术语“火铳”的详细信息

英译术语:

huotong

汉语语境:

内蒙古蒙元文化博物馆收藏一件有明确纪年的元代铜火铳，该器发现于元上都遗址东北达特淖日之东。铳型为碗口铳，铳身竖刻两行八思巴文铭文，词义译为：大德二年于迭额列数整八十。“大德二年”为公元1298年，“数整八十”为编号。以往发现的火铳有明确纪年最早的一件为元至顺三年（1332年）碗口铳，而大德二年铳则比其早了34年，因而成为目前所知世界上最早的火炮。

英语语境:

The huotong in the collection of the Shangyuan Museum in Inner Mongolia is a clearly dated one discovered to the east of Datnor near the site of Upper Capital of the Yuan. It is casted as a whole, and bears two lines of inscription in the Phagspa script referring to the second year of the Dade reign period (AD 1298) while the round number eighty referring to the serial number. Thirty-four years earlier than the one dated to the third year of the Zhishun reign period (AD 1332), the huotong is the oldest gun in the world so far.

英译术语:

blunderbuss

汉语语境:

明以武功定天下，开国之始，就很注重造兵，后屡有外患内忧，兵器制造业一直为官府所重视。火铳的制造达到了鼎盛时期，并逐渐分化为枪、炮两个系列，各自独立发展。火炮和火铳等传统火器既是明代以降军队装备的主要火器类型，又是明清两代火器发展的主流方向，最能体现当时火器技术水平。军事武器装备的火器化与火器技术理论化是中国军事技术由传统向近代转型的核心内容。军事技术的近代转型，是明清社会转型的重要内容和推动力之一。

英语语境:

Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty and seized state power by armed force. As soon as he became the emperor, Zhu attached much importance to the weapon production. And later, because of the domestic trouble and foreign invasion, weapon manufacturing industry had become the main focus of the imperial court. Therefore, the production of blunderbuss was at its zenith in Ming Dynasty, which gradually evolved into two series of weapons: artillery and blunderbuss. Artillery and blunderbuss were predominant types of traditional firearms in Ming Dynasty. For one thing, they had represented the main developing trend of traditional firearms until the end of the Qing Dynasty; for another, they both reflected the level of traditional firearm technology. Firearm gradually became the main type of martial weapon. Firearm technological-theorization belonged to the core contents of military technology in the process of China's military technological transformation. Modern military technology played an important part in the process of weapons modernization during Ming and Qing Dynasties.