术语“牛耕”的详细信息

英译术语:

ploughing with oxen

汉语语境:

汉代牛耕有二牛抬杠、一牛一马并耕、一牛挽耕三种形式，分别采用颈索系衡套驾和偏系套驾。汉代没有双辕犁，因此一牛挽耕只能是偏系套驾。参照甘肃河西地区魏晋壁画墓牛耕图，套驾时可能在辕端绑缚短横木，贴于牛颈一侧，再用绳索绑定，或者与牛颈另一侧同样的短木相连，使两短木夹住牛颈，搭在两肩之前。一牛一马并耕，牛是驾辕的，马是拉边的，马以绳索与犁架或辕的后端相连，牛的驾辕方式则与其他单牛独辕的套驾完全一样。

英语语境:

During the Han Dynasty, the ploughing with oxen can be divided into three major types: double-oxen coupling plough, one horse and one ox coupling plough and one ox plough. These three types of ploughing can also be classified into two groups according to their dragging methods: neck-loop dragging and one-side beam-carrying dragging. As there was no double draft-poles plough in Han Dynasty, the beam for ox ploughing had to be set up on either side of its neck. By referencing the mural depicting agricultural scenes of ploughing with oxen during Wei and Jin Dynasties in Hexi area, the yoke might have been a small piece of wood attached to the beam and bounded to either side of oxen's neck by ropes. In some cases, wood pieces were bounded to both sides of oxen's neck at the same time against shoulder. Regarding the method of using oxen and horse ploughing at the same time, an ox was used to pull the beam while a horse was used for carrying the landside or handle section of the plough. The horse was connected to the plough frame or the beam through lope, while the beam-carrying way of oxen was quite similar to other scenario of single ox dragging.