术语“酋长”的详细信息

英译术语:

chief

汉语语境:

魏晋时期，拓跋鲜卑祭天权力模式发生了急剧性的演化：从原始部落人人享有的平等祭天权转变为部落酋长的垄断，而后又转化为封建皇帝的独断。这是拓跋鲜卑社会结构从部落联盟跨越式地演化为封建社会在政治制度层面的必然反映。

英语语境:

Wei and Jin Dynasties witnessed a drastic transformation of the God-worshipping of the Tuba branch of Xianbei nationality. Heaven worshipping had been the monopoly of the clan chiefs and no longer was shared justly as that in the primitive clan period, and it was further evolved into the monopoly of feudal emperors. Such an evolution just resulted from the seminal change of social structure of Tuoba branch of Xianbei nationality, which evolved from clan league into feudal society.

英译术语:

chieftain

汉语语境:

十六国时期，尽管政权更迭频仍，有些政权仍厉行户籍制度。在此历史时期，主要有4种民户:部落民、坞堡民、州郡民、镇户与营户。其中，部落民统属于部落酋长。

英语语境:

In the Sixteen States Dynasties, though regimes continually alternated, some regimes insisted on carrying out system of census register. During this historical period, there were mainly four types of residents: the clan people, the fortress people, the county people, the people of army station and the people of battalion, among which, the clan people were attached to clan chieftain.

英译术语:

sachem

汉语语境:

在已有研究的基础上，研究者概括了基于伊斯兰文明的阿拉伯式管理的特点，即外控型管理。其主要内容包括：真主是最高主宰；只与朋友做生意；父系型酋长模式；工作是为了活着；注重伦理道德；直觉、形象思维模式，务虚先于务实；空间公开，不喜欢孤独。

英语语境:

Expert has summarized the characteristics of Arabic management styles,i.e.,the outer-control management, based on a literature review of the former studies. Main contents of the mode include:Allah is the most powerful dominator, dealing business exclusively with one’s own friends; the paternal sachem model; working to live; attaching great importance to the ethics and moral; thinking in intuition and in terms of images and focusing on ideological guidelines before dealing with concrete issues.