术语“玉琮”的详细信息

英译术语:

jade cong

汉语语境:

良渚文化中玉琮在形制结构上反映了古时“天圆地方”的宇宙观模式，这一点与龟的形制和文化意象非常相似。有关玉琮的类型学研究表明，玉琮四角高低的演变和成形与龟足的形制和文化意象有可比之处。很有可能玉琮的四角就是以龟的四足为原型。此外，玉琮上的“神人兽面纹”亦有可能取法于龟的形象，在良渚文化玉琮及其他类型的玉器上经常能看到龟鸟组合的纹饰类。“神人兽面纹”可能反映的是一种“死亡—再生”的生命模式，龟和太阳鸟在此很可能都是扮演交通之旅中保佑者的角色。而作为承载“神人兽面纹”的玉琮亦不例外， 它出现在随葬的背景中， 是具有更新、促生、回归、通天功能的宗教性法器。

英语语境:

The structure of the jade cong of Liangzhu Culture symbolized the ancient thought that the sky was hemispheric and the earth was square, which was very similar to the shape and cultural metaphor of tortoises. The typological studies on the jade cong revealed that the four corners of jade cong were gradually stretching out and formed, which was comparable with the tortoise in the aspects of both shapes and imagery. The prototype of jade cong was very probably the tortoise. Meanwhile, the animal prototype of the famous “deity and animal mask design” on the jade cong might also be the tortoise, which composed the “tortoise-bird motif” together with the bird designs frequently seen on the Liangzhu jades. The “deity and animal mask design” reflected a life cycle of “death-rebirth” and the tortoise and bird played roles of convoys and patrons on the route from the death to the rebirth. As the carrier of the “deity and animal mask design”, the jade cong appearing in the burial context was a religious instrument bearing functions of rejuvenating, rebirth-promoting, returning and communicating with the heaven.