术语“功利”的详细信息

英译术语:

utility

汉语语境:

儒家功利思想可分“合理利他主义“与“极端利他主义“两派，道家功利思想属“极端利他主义“，中土佛教同样以“极端利他主义“为“大善“、为依归，它们均属“大利主义“之范畴；此外还有“义利兼忘“之“超功利“的一派思想，认为“小人“讲“合理利己主义“、“贤人“讲“合理利他主义“、“圣人“讲“极端利他主义“都不是最高层次，最高层次是“义利兼忘“。中式思想有讲“合理利他主义“者，如儒家；有讲“极端利他主义“者，如墨、道、释诸家；有讲“超越功利“、“义利兼忘“者，如后期墨家、杨朱、邵雍诸人。唯独没有讲“利己主义“者，不讲“合理利己主义“，更不讲“极端利己主义“，这就和西式功利思想形成鲜明对照。中式思想之全体是“际天人“而讲功利，是立于“宇宙背景“而讲功利，如此讲功利，就是所谓“大利“。“大利“之作为“中华共识“表明人类思考功利问题不止西洋一路，人类解决功利问题不止西洋一系。“大利“之作为“中华共识“表明“利己“之上有“利他“，“利他“之上有“利物“，“利物“之上有“忘利“，“西式功利主义“未能实现功利思想的“最后一着“与“桶底脱落“，未能达至功利思想的“究竟真理“。

英语语境:

Utilitarianism Thought of Confucianism can be divided into two groups:Rational Altruism and Ultra-Altruism.The highest level is denial of both Morality and Utility.It pays attention to neither self-interest nor pubic-interest, neither little interest nor great interest, neither self-regard nor altruism, and it takes Utility-denial as the highest level.In Chinese thoughts, Confucianism believes in Rational Altruism, Mohism, Taoism and Buddhist believe in Ultra-Altruism, and late Mohism, Yang Zhu, Shao Yong believe in Ultra-Utilitarianism and Denial of both Morality and Utility.There is no thought that argues Self-regard, neither Rational Self-regardism nor Ultra-Self-regardism in Chinese thoughts which contrasts sharply with Western-style Utilitarianism.All Chinese-style thoughts talk about Utilitarianism based on the relation Between Nature and Human and on the background of the Universe.Such kind of Utilitarianism is the so-called Great Utility.Taking Great Utility as Chinese Consensus tells us that there is Altruism above Self-regard, Thing-regard above Atruism, and Utility-denial above Thing-regard.Western-style Utilitarianism has not been able to realize the Highest and Ultimate Perfection Level of Utilitarianism.It has not obtained the Highest and Ultimate Truth of Utilitarianism.