术语“氏族观念”的详细信息

英译术语:

clanship

汉语语境:

義兒、賜姓等所形成的擬血綠關係，是中國五代時期軍人集團「衝破地區及種族界限，用以結合各地豪傑之士的一種辦法」，是五代後唐得以稱霸的主要原因，也是五代時期「因時之隙，以利合而相資者」的歷史真相，而在越南國家建立的朝代行進中，也採用義兒、賜姓等所形成的擬血緣關係，與聯姻制度來鞏固其國家之政權。本論文運用中國五代的關擬血緣關係之歷史資料，配合越南文獻及金石史料，以比較研究方法，將中國與越南的歷史，金石與文獻資料，金石與文獻資料的內外考證作雙重的考證，以探討越南在脫離中國政治的直接控制，逐漸走向國家的體制時，如何參考中國政治與社會制度的優勢條件，建立強固的政權。

英语语境:

The mimetic clanship, forged through methods like adopting foster sons and bestowing surnames, is a common method for the military clans to break through their localness and ethnic boundaries, in order to attract elites of other places during the Five Dynasties era. It also be the historical truth of the description ”those chancing the interval of the times for the sake of securer complements and binds” during that era. Interestingly, in the process of the establishment of the Vietnamese dynasties, similar methods have been applied, along with marital alliances, to secure the authorities of the nation. This project tends to observe the historical axis of Vietnamese history from the studying of mimetic clanship and marital alliances during the Five Dynasties Era of China.This paper will apply historical data that are relative to the mimetic clanship of the Five Dynasties Era of China, subsided with Vietnamese documentaries and rubbing materials, and according to the method of comparative study, to conduct a twofold research on the history of China and Vietnam, their rubbings and documentaries, and the researches on those rubbings and documentaries, with a purpose to inquire the process of the Vietnamese adoption of the political and social systems of China to serve as the foundation to their founding of a secure government during the divorce of Vietnam and a direct influence of Chinese political.

英译术语:

gentile conception

汉语语境:

本研究旨在探討國小三年級體育課應用ARCS動機模式在動作技能表現、動作概念與學習動機的學習成效，受試者為台北市萬華區某國小三年級共57人為研究對象，分成實驗組共30人（ARCS動機模式組），平均身高體重為130.33 0.07公分和31.24 6.69公斤和對照組共27人（傳統教學組），平均身高體重為131.40 0.08公分及32.46 11.89公斤。本教學實驗於每週兩堂課，每堂40分鐘體育課，進行十週教學活動，參與對象必須在實驗教學前後一週進行前後測，包括動作技能檢測表、運動技能概念評估表和學習動機等工具。並根據前後測所得資料進行同質性檢定、t檢定之統計分析，顯著水準α=.05。研究結果發現：一、實驗組之動作技能表現、學習動機、專注力、關聯性認知、自信心和滿足感後測顯著優於前測，但動作概念之前後測未達顯著差異。對照組在各變項上未達顯著差異水準。二、實驗組之後測動作技能表現、學習動機、專注力、關聯性認知、自信心和滿足感之顯著高於對照組，但在動作概念上，兩組表現並無顯著差異水準。本研究建議體育老師應提供學生有效的學習策略，適當且及時的回饋以加速學習表現。

英语语境:

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Keller's (1999) ARCS teaching intervention on elementary students' motor skill performance, movement conception and learning motivation. The participants of this study included 57 students of elementary school in Taipei city. The participants were divided into the experimental group (the ARCS' motivation model group) whose average height and weight were 130. 33 ± 0. 07cm and 31. 24 ± 6. 69 kg, and the comparison group (the traditional teaching model group) whose average height and weight were 131. 40 ± 0. 08 cm and 32. 46 ± 6. 11. 89 kg. The experiment lasted ten weeks, and both experimental and comparison participants attended pretested and post-tested with Motor Skill Test, Movement Conception Test and ARCS Learning Motivation Scale. With t-test, and stepwise multiple regression, this study found experimental group were higher on motor skill performance, learning motivation, attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction than pre-test, but movement conception remained the same. Also, the experimental group's motor skill performance, learning motivation, attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction was higher than the comparison group in the post-test. This study suggested physical education teachers should provide students with efficient teaching strategies and appropriate and timing feedback so to fostering their learning performance.